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塤ϼ1881ӡܰϼμ˷滭һðգչ黹ˡ˼룬дݳޣҺͳصͳԼͻܡ滭лӻȴδýߣǷǳġ˭ҪƷʻ㡢·еҳϵġġԶ񻰺ʽԭʼַͲģӰǽһ׷ϵͳ롣ֵγҪõǹ͸ŵߵϵİ˽¬ǵ췴壬ǼΪ⡢飬ƻԵľңȵô˵ûһڷ͹ұڷ׾֮УҲûһ֤Լʵڸڱϼϣһжìܣص㡢Ʒ
ϼĸ¬ȡ˹ǰ˹ˣͼԱĸǡϼԶˣ漮ǡĺӻ沣ʱ򣬱ϼѾȫԷŵչĻˡ1900꣬裬ڷߵƷͼ¬ȡۿ˻س档һʱԼɫʱڡ(19011904)ƷУԿۿԵӰ졣ĵĶˡ˺еĿˡӵġƶ¶ָ˼ȴҪ軭ҽӴмԵַȥӰ취滭ԽԽȷػŵĻϵǵСԱϷԵı֡ڽɫͻУʹһصġҹһɫʱıϼֻжʮ꣬ѲֻСȦˡ
1904ά᰺·13ţĻҳ˻ҺҴѧԭص㡣ζ˹Ÿסɡ˰ϡҡ˹ȥס1907ԺֿΡˡɰζܸϼġѶϵ¡άΪʱϼľ񣺡ССĸӣƤںڵģְ֣ͬʱҲ˸еġһ˫䡢ֵ۾Ŀת׾ĶŮһ֣ӵĴţҲޱ߷һܵͷֺǻ۶̵ǰΪ롣·һˣһˣ̫ͷɨǼ֪˶ľɼпӡ
ϼ䡰õʱڡ(19051906)Եºͣ˵ˡ壬ݳϲԱǣϷʹлַ죬ѱμǿƷʹ뵽ձ黭ҡصһֽĸ飬ıʴҵԼǿ϶طȥģɫϾϸ㣬ȴûеΡܿ¸ƺܵ˵ܵӰ죬һЩǿҷӳԼеջܲʱŷ޷ֵķް̼ľ޴أѵӦ˵·ģ𣿲ϼܵЩԭʼƷӰ죬϶ĸܡḻĴʻʹ󵨵ĳ󡣡
1907꣬ϴ´Ǽƻǳʾġά̹һʱǸոշʷµһҳʱ̡ĹͼȱͳһɫӲָֻŵûСнǣ״صִ滭һ·ɵĸѾԶˡ
ά̹Ѳһһ¼һڣһ㣬շ˵ġصĸ򡷣޵ġսߵġ֮ۡһʮѾͨһΣܿͻˡλһѹͿʼ˼ԼĻעΧƷӡƿ̺СֽĿ۲ţδһ֮УС˵ҽеĽɫһּȷǰ飬ҲǿȣȫͬصĸӦڶ֮СʾԼ״ṹڲ档ȥʱ㵮ˡ
Ϊж˸߸ǷµʵҪʵ֮зµͿռ䡣ΪìıϼʵĳԽп˽İ취ԵʱѰͺ͹ȥҰɻҵĸо塣1908꿪ʼͲһ쵼һ˶ǶĻһƽҲʹ͹ߵ͸ӺϵĹֽͨ棬ͬʱӼǶȿﵽһ㡣ʱǱ㲻ǿĶͨĶ
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˵ѳΪԼԹⲻȤۼȫָı˵ΡԲͬĿڹǰһʱ䣬ɽԼҰɵķȡʧԼķ֮С˾ķ²رյķķ²ûšʴûиԣɫƶݱ
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ͬԼ޷ڰҡ׶ζѧѧʱϼȴԼĻгι״ʯɺͶħʶ˷(19261935)ıʻûк״Щ˸ʩɫܲǻοЦûȵĿռС1932ֱʧˣȡ֮͵ĳߡԵĽṹλڷïߣɫض̵ɫ󡣡
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šȥսڣɱ¾ĳ档ź͵ֶ߲ߣҲֻһ㡣ϼȴ滭ʷÿһγɹصͱע¼ʹǸеֲ֪ͼ齫һЩ滭رֵһʹȷһСǿڶгڿ볰ЦĲľֹӿ˼Դﵽǿȴ˷θĻӿ
ӴˣϼоԼѾ߹ĵ·ƽԼ̽ʱê˵ƽ֮ϣʱ﷫ʻն籩֮С1948ҲǴӵк֮ʱֻϵĴ˵͹ʱҰޡ˰ĹŮɡ²ԼģФ񡢷羰رֶӡèͷӥܡţԼͶͯͻ滭ҲܡһļҺͶеİšĺΣǸԢ⣬Լ·ƲסĳǿҵʧĳֱִãȻȺֲָţȴ˿ϧ飬Ѿ޼ӣȴūһؿɡԼŵūԼˡѰĻԾӲϢ֪ƣ룬вͣ׷һӶݵĿ֣õֻǽǣɺͿŭȥʵ䲻ڹ˼ڸоʹޣȰʮһ
ԣ̸ҲͺоƷΪһ޷ġһΪԱ֤˵鶼ԸʽƷ¼İ顢ӡԡ췴룬Ҳоϣʱ˲ǿȸСĸԼ̳˵塢ĴͳġжͷӦǲԤϵģͻȻģġ飬ֻԼΪһλߣʹ׷ʧΪߣؿ϶ԼĸԡϣԶìܡ
Ʒû˿ͳһȶûй̶⣬һ࣬꣬׻ֿװ٣ϲᣬʱƢʱ䣬ΪԶΨһһãɡʵϣҪȫ׵ɣ磬ʹҪ涨Ҫ򣬲Ҫƫ
Ȼ嵽壬ӱ嵽ŵ壬ӹŵ嵽壬Ȼֻصʵ塣ߵΪ˻صȻ¿ʼ̽Ϳ£źͻڽţȥȥܱ仯޳ȴʼǸٹ̵İ˷硣ΪŵʱôܾˣҲˡ̫߸ԣ˺ʹˣһʥܽͺܵƣܼɵԼ衣ֻɣԵɲʺһҪء硢Ρ
ϼ洫ԭϺȤζϵİˣȻϰһУϰ⣬ֵ죬ôͱȻĿ񱩺̧߼ۣķΣçײÿƷıըǷ裬Ƶ״ѹֽŵĹͼǳڴˡⷽ棬޶֡ͨų˹ʣʹ𾪣ŷһ㣬İըҩ
жôǷҸϣĻ֣һֲҽεĽǣдȻԼߵıԼԼı硣ԵϷʱ˻ˣ涼ȫסĲ԰ݡЦ˵ǿգϲ֮죬Ϸڿ̱ˣǡ˼Ȼ˿ûС
ҪԼԴȪ˵硣ˣȻǴģܵϵвһŬʹԼ֧һˡҪһУΪҪԼҲɡѾ˵еķ 
ô죬ǲһλؽи£һйȥ鹹ʽĻ?˭ܱ¸ҵͳķߣЩؾʽ֧ŵ? ĵ˶ģԽƻѾʧЧ˵壬һڱϼͷеõʽ˵塣ϼʵϣ-ͳһλȣµĴǸšί˹ȡ׿ʻޡ֮ӡ 
ǾͻףһһƷʹκƷ޷ġ Ǻ嫵ģӦ䱾ĿǷȱ͹ԣƺΰһ˽ܡǿԴоٳûн۵ľ飬Ҳ̹ףɱ粵ĳɾ͡ѵǻΪϼδҪĽ㲻ʹ""һ? ʹõĹȷʵںʲôϣͷеһжϻͿţֽװСľͷ򽺺ϰ塢ʯˮࡣ⻭׼ɫߵΪܼңʹľͷ˿֯ƷýƷķôʰˢɫƷУЩǷƷʲôϵ? ΪѾܹҵˡֵĹ¸ŮЩľƷԡῨսƽʹﵽ˼ִصġйŴͷľ͡´ɹľԼٲصΰƷУϼַ䴴رֳڡĺ˼˵Ŀģܹ硣
δüĸ߳ȡоȰĴ󵨴δտļòЧǣΪ˵õͶԼһУϺ͹ơĺͻɡϲͽƻķֺα졣ͷҲΪʲôͶһжӰ
ȻķֱµһӦõƵǻȥ?ʹôửԣûӰǡִ滭ϣ϶ҵӡǵ״ⶼЩĽƬϵģδڻͨġ¡
ΪϼĸԣǶģܴͳƽģһرյ硣Ҳңҵһ˲ܱģΪΪƷΪ̵ϼÿͶܳһģ˭ܲеǵûƽ壬ȱ? 

